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  • 《撒母耳记下》
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《撒母耳记下》第4章-伊施波设遭到暗杀

A. 伊施波设遭谋杀。

1. (1-4)扫罗家的势力开始削弱。

扫罗的儿子伊施波设听见押尼珥死在希伯仑,手就发软,以色列众人也都惊惶。扫罗的儿子伊施波设有两个军长:一名巴拿,一名利甲,是便雅悯支派,比录人临门的儿子。比录也属便雅悯。比录人早先逃到基他音,在那里寄居,直到今日。扫罗的儿子约拿单有一个儿子,名叫米非波设,是瘸腿的。扫罗和约拿单死亡的消息从耶斯列传到的时候,他才五岁。他乳母抱着他逃跑,因为跑得太急,孩子掉在地上,腿就瘸了。

a. 伊施波设……手就发软:当伊施波设听闻那个扶持他登上王位的人死了,他知道自己气数将尽。他靠着他人才获得今天的地位,所以当这人离开人世后,伊施波设知道自己的王位岌岌可危,摇摇欲坠。伊施波设软弱无力,因为他倚靠的是人。

b. 名叫米非波设:这是大卫的亲密好友约拿单的儿子,约拿单与他父亲一同死在战场上。米非波设是扫罗最后一个直系男性后代,他是扫罗王位强有力的合法继承者。这时他只有12岁并且是瘸腿的。

i. 他乳母……因为跑得太急,孩子掉在地上,腿就瘸了:米非波设身体残疾、虚弱无力,这是由他无法掌控的客观环境导致的。他弱小无力,这是因为他年纪尚小,又因其他人的过失而受伤致残。

2.(5-7)巴拿和利甲谋杀伊施波设。

一日,比录人临门的两个儿子利甲和巴拿出去,约在午热的时候,到了伊施波设的家,伊施波设正睡午觉。他们进了房子,假作要取麦子,就刺透伊施波设的肚腹逃跑了。他们进房子的时候,伊施波设正在卧房里躺在床上。他们将他杀死,割了他的首级,拿着首级在亚拉巴走了一夜。

a. 他们……就刺透伊施波设的肚腹:伊施波设的军队并非真正拥戴他。他手下的士兵只有在他们认为伊施波设势力强大,有望保住扫罗的王位时,他们才会效忠于他。当伊施波设表现出软弱时,利甲和巴拿就趁机刺杀了他。

i. 《撒母耳记下》4章2节提醒我们,利甲和巴拿属于便雅悯支派。扫罗的家族就出自便雅悯支派。也就是说,正是便雅悯支派的本族人刺杀了伊施波设。

ii. 伊施波设正睡午觉(注:新钦定本圣经翻译成 “伊施波设正躺在床上睡午觉” ):那个地区会有中午午睡的习惯,但伊施波设午睡时并未安排警卫在场值守,说明他粗心大意,做事草率。 “中午睡觉,又没有警卫,说明他慵懒懈怠,行动散漫,做事欠考虑,过于自信。因此,这样一个终日懒散,松懈怠惰的人,最终也必定会因此丢了性命。”(特拉普,Trapp)

b. 割了他的首级,拿着首级:这是他们计划中的重要一环,因为他们想要向大卫证明他们干掉了他的对手,帮他除掉了争夺王位过程中的拦路石。

B. 大卫处决谋害伊施波设的暗杀者。

1.(8)巴拿和利甲带着伊施波设的首级去见大卫。

将伊施波设的首级拿到希伯仑见大卫王,说:“王的仇敌扫罗,曾寻索王的性命。看哪!这是他儿子伊施波设的首级,耶和华今日为我主我王,在扫罗和他后裔的身上报了仇。”

a. 耶和华今日为我主我王,在扫罗和他后裔的身上报了仇:他们将以实波设的头砍下来,拿来见大卫,声称 “我们是神的仆人,是神的工具,用来打败你的仇敌。”

i. “他们声称, ‘耶和华今日为我主我王……报了仇’,并妄称他们的行为得到了神的许可,好像他们是遵照耶和华神的明确指示而行动的。” (鲍德温,Baldwin)

b. 王的仇敌扫罗……他儿子:大卫对此无法理解,因为他认为扫罗并不是他的仇敌。在扫罗和约拿单去世时,大卫创作的那首优美的哀歌即可说明,虽然扫罗自己把大卫当作仇敌,但大卫却并未将他当作仇敌。

2.(9-12)大卫处决巴拿和利甲。

大卫对比录人临门的儿子利甲和他兄弟巴拿说:“我指着救我性命脱离一切苦难,永生的耶和华起誓:从前有人报告我说:‘扫罗死了。’他自以为报好消息,我就拿住他,将他杀在洗革拉,这就作了他报消息的赏赐。何况恶人将义人杀在他的床上,我岂不向你们讨流他血的罪,从世上除灭你们呢?”于是,大卫吩咐少年人将他们杀了,砍断他们的手脚,挂在希伯仑的池旁;却将伊施波设的首级,葬在希伯仑押尼珥的坟墓里。

a. 我岂不向你们讨流他血的罪,从世上除灭你们呢:利甲和巴拿以为大卫看见以实波设的首级必定大为喜悦。他们低估了大卫对神和扫罗家的忠诚。大卫信守誓言,要保护扫罗的家族和后人,使其能存留,并且给予他们应有的尊重(撒上24:20-22)。

i. 大卫常常看见斩首之事,对所砍下的头颅已是司空见惯——他曾将歌利亚的头颅作为战利品随身携带了一段时间。不过,大卫知道扫罗和其后人与歌利亚不同,他们不是他的仇敌。

ii. 即使伊施波设与扫罗不同,并不是耶和华神所膏立的君王;大卫仍然等待神,他非常清楚应由神来施行报应。

iii. 大卫不会接受他们的恶行,尽管他们可能是出于一番好意,即希望在大卫的统治下统一以色列。 “诚然,神凌驾于人类的一切行为之上,并且使他们最终为祂的至高目的服务;但祂的仆人绝不会赞同“作恶以成善”,即通过邪恶的行为成就善意之举。当我们的主在地上生活时,祂不会接受魔鬼为祂作见证,这是一个不争的事实。”(摩根,Morgan)

b. 大卫吩咐少年人将他们杀了:大卫迅速行动,对这些杀人不眨眼的凶手严惩不贷,杀一儆百。他们不是和他一起战斗的士兵;他们是杀人犯,应该受到应有的惩罚。

i. “通过这一正义之举,大卫向以色列全民表明,他坚决反对毁灭扫罗家的行为,他必与这样做的人为敌;若有人敢素未谋面的情况下攻击他们中的任何一员,必定会受到相应的惩罚。” (克拉克,Clarke)

ii. “大卫借助该事件通过严格维护公义的行动向民众证明,他没有下令主导这次谋杀,也不赞同这样的行为,而且他发自内心地憎恶这样的罪行,他必保持自己的良知,做到问心无愧,免得得罪神,害人又害己。” (基尔和德里茨,Keil and Delitzsch)

(c) 2023 The Enduring Word Bible Commentary by David Guzik – [email protected]

 

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