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《出埃及记》第11章-神宣布击杀长子之灾

A. 神对摩西有关最后一灾的指示。

1. (1-3)以色列人掠夺埃及人。

耶和华对摩西说:“我再使一样的灾殃临到法老和埃及,然后他必容你们离开这地。他容你们去的时候,总要催逼你们都从这地出去。你要传于百姓的耳中,叫他们男女各人向邻舍要金器银器。’”耶和华叫百姓在埃及人眼前蒙恩,并且摩西在埃及地法老臣仆和百姓的眼中,看为极大。

a. 他……总要催逼你们都从这地出去(注:新钦定本圣经翻译成“他……一定会赶逐你们全都离开这地”):早在之前,神就已经告诉摩西,祂将要降灾于埃及,即杀其长子(出4:21-23)。在这最后一灾之后,法老不仅会同意以色列离开,他还会强制他们离开。

b. 耶和华叫百姓在埃及人眼前蒙恩:法老仍然不信,但埃及百姓乐意看见以色列人马上离开。他们心甘情愿塞给以色列人金银作为礼物,以此劝以色列人尽快离开。以色列奴隶就这样获得了他们做奴工应得的酬劳,没有两手空空离开埃及。

i. “后来,这些珠宝被用来装饰圣殿。它们在大祭司的胸牌上显得闪闪发光,在圣器具上更是光彩夺目。”(梅尔,Meyer)

c. 摩西在埃及地法老臣仆和百姓的眼中,看为极大:虽然法老的心仍然刚硬,仍未被说服,但是全埃及(包括法老臣仆)都知道耶和华神比埃及的诸神祇都要强大,而摩西是这个至大神的仆人。

2.(4-8)向法老宣布长子之灾。

摩西说:“耶和华这样说:‘约到半夜,我必出去巡行埃及遍地,凡在埃及地,从坐宝座的法老,直到磨子后的婢女,所有的长子,以及一切头生的牲畜,都必死。埃及遍地必有大哀号,从前没有这样的,后来也必没有。至于以色列中,无论是人是牲畜,连狗也不敢向他们摇舌,好叫你们知道耶和华是将埃及人和以色列人分别出来。’你这一切臣仆都要俯伏来见我,说:‘求你和跟从你的百姓都出去’,然后我要出去。”于是,摩西气忿忿地离开法老出去了。

a. 摩西说:摩西站在法老面前,神第一次引导他详细告诉他将要临到埃及长子身上的灾祸。他们都必死,无一幸免,因为埃及人没有让神的长子(以色列)离开;所以,埃及遍地必有大哀号。

i. 直到磨子后的婢女,所有的长子(注:钦定本圣经翻译成“直到推磨的婢女所生的长子”):“坐在‘两块磨石后面’(希伯来原文的字面意思)是指要做家中最底层女奴的工作,即用石磨磨玉米(赛47:2)。”(科尔,Cole )

ii. “从有关长子继承权的律法来看,这将是最可怕的打击。”(托马斯,Thomas)

b. 至于以色列中……连狗也不敢向他们摇舌:尽管巨大的灾难即将来临,但神会让埃及人看清事情的真相:这是他们自己法老的错,而不是摩西或以色列人的错。

i. 这对法老来说是无疑雪上加霜。一个政治家不会太在意有没有发生灾祸,只要能将它归咎于他人就可以了。在这里,神承诺祂会让法老自己受责难、担责任。

ii. “一场前所未有的悲痛随之而来,但在以色列人中间,那天晚上是如此的宁静,连狗都静默无声,没有发出任何吠叫。”(凯泽,Kaiser)

iii. “他们让以色列人哭泣:而神通常会以牙还牙,以遭到掳掠来报应那掳掠人的(结39:10);以命定被杀来报应那供奉命运之神的(赛65:11,12);以拣选使其迷惑之事来报应那拣选悖逆之道的(赛66:3,4);以号啕哭泣来报应那使人哭泣的(雅5:1,4)。”(特拉普,Trapp)

c. 好叫你们知道耶和华是将埃及人和以色列人分别出来:也许,那个时候有些人(包括法老)常常会这样问,“埃及人有诸神,而以色列人有一位神。有什么分别呢?”神彰显祂的大能,完全可压倒埃及的一切神祇,雅巍以此表明祂与它们是有很大区别的。

i. “耶和华神已经把那些属祂的人与那些不属祂的人区分出来。人与人之间有许多区别,有一天这些区别都将被抹去,不复存在;但是请允许我事先提醒你,这里神所做的是一种永恒的区别。”(司布真,Spurgeon)

d. 你这一切臣仆都要俯伏来见我,说:‘求你和跟从你的百姓都出去’(注:新钦定本圣经翻译成“你和所有跟从你的百姓都离开吧”):摩西最后对法老所说的话是在告诉他,到时候,法老和其余埃及人都会吩咐以色列人离开。

3.(9-10)神告诉摩西法老仍不会听。

耶和华对摩西说:“法老必不听你们,使我的奇事在埃及地多起来。” 摩西、亚伦在法老面前行了这一切奇事,耶和华使法老的心刚硬,不容以色列人出离他的地。

a. 法老必不听你们:如果接连九场灾祸都出自神之手,人们可能会认为有关第十灾的警告相当可信;但是法老的心仍然刚硬,神就使法老的心愈发顽固不化。

i. 使我的奇事在埃及地多起来:“现在,可以将【前】九灾看作一个整体。它们波及到自然界的方方面面:矿物、动物、植物、人类。它们影响到人身和财产安全,覆盖所有人,从地位最高者到地位最卑下者。”(托马斯,Thomas)

b. 耶和华使法老的心刚硬:这里,经文“第四次”告诉我们,神使法老的心刚硬(出9:12;10:20;10:27;11:10)。然而,神从来不会使法老的心刚硬,除非法老先使自己的心刚硬,硬着心肠以耶和华神以及祂的子民为敌(出7:13;7:22;8:15;8:19;8:32;9:7)。

© 2023 The Enduring Word Bible Commentary by David Guzik – [email protected]

 

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